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In India, there are thousands of languages and dialects, Books are regularly published in the major Indian languages from different places in various regions of India. Locating a book/journal by a publisher in a remote town could prove a difficult task for libraries. Here is where DK Agencies (www.dkagencies.com) reach and expertise comes into play. Be it a book, journal, continuation, series or seminar proceedings relating to any subject, be it in English or in any of the major Indian languages, whether it is published by the government departments, research institutions, learned societies, private publishers, NGOs or even individuals-they proudly say that we can make available any title required by their customers!

Beginning with English language books, they expanded there services to include Sanskrit and Tibetan language books and then those in all the major Indian languages. They started cataloguing Sanskrit language books towards the end of the 1970s and added books in the national language Hindi later. Today, they receive nearly 15,000 books of Indian origin in all these Indian languages. The Indian languages in which they offer services are as follows:

 

Assamese 

Bengali (Published from both India and Bangladesh) 
Gujarati

Hindi (different dialects)

Kannada

Malayalam

Marathi

Oriya

Punjabi

Sanskrit

Tamil

Telugu

Tibetan 

Nepali

Urdu (Published from both India and Pakistan) 

All these language books are catalogued at DK with utmost care and attention following the same level of cataloguing parameters as they do for books in English, Sanskrit and Hindi. The cataloging is done in Romanised format using diacritical marks as per ALA/LC Romanisation Tables. Due care is given to catalogue classical works using uniform titles wherever necessary. The software at DK supports MARC21 records with the original scripts of all these languages for major fields. The MARC record are also available with World Cat/ OCLC as they are vendor record contributors.

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In one of my earlier article, which I wrote probably a year back, I have mentioned about the similarities, that I came across, between the Vedic Civilization and that of the Egyptian Civilization. Even then I would like to enumerate a few of the striking similarities to keep my readers informed and hence it will be easier for them to understand the context of this article.

I was reading a book by Bob Bryer, a renowned Egyptologist, titled “The Murder OF Tutankhamun”. While reading the book I found that there were some very fundamental similarities between the then Egyptian civilization and that of the present Vedic civilization i.e. the Hindus living wherever they are.

The similarities can be enumerated as follows:

When Tutankhamen’s Father Akhenaten, the pharaoh, shifted his capital to a place called Amarna and erected a temple dedicated to the Sun god and naming the temple as The Karnak Temple. The sun god in the Hindu pantheon is an important deity and a temple dedicated to the Sun God is situated in the state of Orissa build in 1278 CE by Narasimha Deva. This temple is called KARNAK TEMPLE. We do see a similarity don’t we?

3         In the Egyptian phonetics the word “Wadi” prounced as waadi means beautiful valley, lush and green .  In the devnagri phonetics of which the language Hindi is a derivative  the word “Wadi” also means the same thing.

Seeing these similarities I had a mind to do a more or less detailed study of  these two civilization with an eye to the antiquity of the vedic civilization.

The two most important epics of the vedic civilization is the “Mahabharata” and “The Ramayana”. These two epics are not just a figment of somebody’s imagination but are in fact, FACTS that has been chronicled. The Ramayana is dated some 8000 years BC and The Mahabharata is dated to 5000 years BC. ( refer my articles on Ramayana and Mahabharata ). These dates do indicate that the Vedic civilization was a reality and a civilization that was thriving with all its majesty and grandeur all along the banks of Saraswati River, Indus River, and the Ganges. This civilization was technically very advanced. The vedic literature including the four Vedas and the Upanishads have volumes of scientific treatise known as “Kala”. There are in fact thirteen such Kalas written by various sages.

The first that needs to be mentioned is the encyclopedic Shastra which was called Akshara-Laksha. This was written by sage Valmiki. All kinds of mathematics including modern geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, Physics, Applied mathematics, mineralogy, Hydels, the methods of measuring air heat and even electricity, and geography are said to have been treated in this treaties. The next science of importance is the Sabda –Shastra written by Kandika Rishi which deals with sounds, echoes of moving and non moving objects in creation.It also deals with mechanically reproducing sound, measuring their pitch and velocity. Sage Sakatayana is the author of Lakshana Shastra which deals with the science of determinig the *** in animate and inanimate creation. Sage Kashyapa is the author of Shilpa Shastra and it comprises of 22 chapters.307 varieties of shilpas including 11 types of construction like Temples, Palaces, Hall, etc. Earlier writers on this subject were Vishwakarma, Maya, Maruti and Chayapurusha their thoughts have been incorporated in the above Shastra. The science of Metal called the dhatuvada was written by ashwini kumaras.In it are 7 chapters which deals with dhatus or the primary substances their combinations and transmutation. Alchemy or converting copper into gold etc has been described in this work.

Ashwini Kumar was a great rishi who also authored the Visha Shastra. This is also an exhaustive work where 32 different types of poison their properties, their preparation and their antidotes. The next in line is the science of fine arts which was composed by sage Bhima and this treatise is called chitra karma shastra. The uniqueness of this science was that students were taught to recreate a person after seeing a single strand of hair or nail. Highly advanced form of forensic science? Then there is the Mala Shastra which deals with gymnastics and sports necessary for preservation of health .

Sage Vatsyana has composed a work on Ratna Pariksha which means testing of gems. Sage Vyasa is said to have composed a work on artha shastra which had three chapters on ways of earning money legitimately. Sage agastya[agastya muni] is the originator of Shakti Shastra. Atomic fission and nuclear science formed a part of this science.

Yantra Shastra by Sage Bharadwaj explains 339 types of terrestrial vehicle,783 types of boats and ships and 101 types of airships by use of mantras Tantras and artificial means.

I have just mentioned a few of the Kalas only to impress upon my readers that this civilization was far more superior than any other inhabitation during that period. AND somewhere during this period there was a global catastrophe that compelled this civilization to shift base and somewhere during this period Egypt emerged. When we talk of Vedic civilization’s geographical distribution we do not put them in the political boundary of India as it is today. Vedic civilization extended from Iran in the west through Afghanistan Pakistan, India, Tibet, Nepal all the way to Burma and Java Borneo Sumatra archipelago in the East. Therefore it would not have been difficult for the large group of people to shift to Egypt from, let’s say, Iran. Now when the large group shifts to a new place and starts to settle what will change in them is their material culture as that is determined by the environment and the prevalent conditions. What will not change is the social organization, the rituals, the religious process, and the language.

The name Egypt comes from the word “Ajap” which in  Sanskrit is Ajapati which signifies Lord Ram as the most illustrious forbearer of the Aja clan. Aja was the grandfather of lord Ram. The word Ram means God and like the Vedic tradition where the rulers were considered as being representatives or descendants of God, the Egyptians also considered their Pharaoh as God or their descendants and their Pharaoh was also named as Ramesis I or II. Here I would like to mention one of the interesting fact about the sphinx. The pyramids have been dated as 3000 years BC and the Sphinx is dated to be 6000 Years BC. This means that when the pyramids were being made, the sphinx stood in front of them as a reminder of a civilization which was antique to them and full of intrigue.

Dr.S.K.Balasubramaniam in his book “Hindu Mythology as prehistory” says that the history of Egypt goes back to thousands of year in time to the period of Yayati who had two wives namely devayani and Sharmishtha. Yayati,by some forces of nature became prematurely old and was thus very depressed. He asked his Eldest son Yadu who was from Devayani to relieve him from his predicament by exchanging his youth with the old age. Yadu refused to do the needful and so did all other sons. It was Puru the youngest and the son from Sharmishtha who agreed to help his father. Henve he was crowned the sovereign of the world superceding his elder brothers. Purus decendants were the Puravas  later became known as the Pharaohs of Egypt who ruled over his father’s domain with the elder brothers as subject to him.

According to Count Biornsttierna in his book “The theogony of the Hindus” has lot of information on the Vedic culture in ancient Egypt. It says that the temples of upper Egypt are of greater antiquity than those of the lower Egypt and consequently the religion of Egypt, according to the testimony of those monument, came from India. The chronicles found in the temple of Abydos and Sias testify that the religion of Egypt proceeded from India. Professor Brugsh agrees with this view and in his book “The History Of Egypt” mentions, “We have a right to more than suspect that India, in 8000 Years BC, sent a colony of emigrants who carried with them their art and advanced civilization into what is known as Egypt. The Egyptians came according to their records from a mysterious land now known to lie on the shores of Indian ocean” In this context it will not be prudish on my part to say that 8000 years BC was the period when Lord ram ruled over the Indian subcontinent and that is why Egypt got its name from Lord Ram’s grandfather “Aja”.

In Nav Bharat Times ( A reputed news paper in India ) dated 18th April 1967 reported that in one of the excavation that was being conducted in the Egyptian Pyramid date 3000 years BC and engraved verse from Bhagawad Gita was found. The verse was “vasami jirnani yatha vhiaya” This means “as a person puts on new garment, giving up the old ones, the soul similarly accepts a new material body giving up the old and the useless ones”. This actually explains the ritual of the mummy making and the elaborate burial system in the Egyptian civilization where efforts are made to make the soul comfortable with all necessary things because they believed that the soul will need all these till it finds a material body. Reincarnation in short. Among the vedic people,The Hindus of today, each and every one believes in this concept. This find certainly boost the idea that Egypt was either a part of Vedic culture or was formed by the emigrants from India.

Professor P.N.Oak in his world famous book “world vedic Heritage” says that the Egyptians called India as the land of Punt or rather Pankht and regarded it as their divine land peopled by Punts meaning Pundits, sages, seers, and Gods. Further evidence of the Vedic roots of the Egyptian area, as mentioned in the book “ Proof of Vedic Cultures Global Existence” by Stephan Knapp, is noticed when we understand that Rama was spelled as Rham in the west. Later the “R” was dropped and consequently the African school text books asserting that Africans are Kushites ( Subject of Kush son of Ram ) mention Ham as the father of Kush. The twin brother of Kush was Luv and the region named after him was known in Sanskrit as Laviya, now pronounced as Libya.

Count Biornsttierna again says ,in the same book, “ on comparing the religious system between the Egyptian civilization and the Vedic civilization we are struck by theie resemblance to each other.The principal of trinity with that of unity, the pre-existence of the soul,its transmigration, the division of caste into priest, warriors, traders, and agriculturists are the cardinal points of both system. Even the symbols are same on the shores of The Ganges and The Nile. Thus we find the Lingam of the shiva temples of India in the Phallus of the Ammon temples of Egypt.  We find the lotus as a symbol of the sun both in India and in Egypt, and we find symbols of immortality of the soul both in India and Egypt. The power of rendering barren women fruitful is ascribed to the Temple of Shiva in India is also ascribed to the temple of Ammon in Egypt.”

Indian contacts with the Western world date back to prehistoric times. Trade relations, preceded by the migration of peoples, inevitably developed into cultural relations. Evidence of Indian contact with the ancient civilizations to her west, however is certain. Knobbed pottery vases came to Sumer from India and so did cotton. In the Akkadian tongue, Indian cotton was expressed by ideographs meaning “vegetable cloth.” Assurbanipal (668-626 B.C) cultivated Indian plants including the “wool-bearing trees” of India.  According to the Skandha Purana, Egypt (Africa) was known as Sancha-dvipa continent mentioned in Sir Willliams Jones’ dissertation on Egypt. At Alexandria, in Egypt, Indian scholars were a common sight: they are mentioned both by Dio Chrysostom (c. 100 A.D.) and by Clement (c. 200 A.D.) Indirect contact between ancient India and Egypt through Mesopotamia is generally admitted, but evidence of a direct relationship between the two is at best fragmentary. Peter Von Bohlen (1796-1840) German Indologist, compared India with ancient Egypt. He thought there was a cultural connection between the two in ancient times. There are elements of folk art, language, and rural culture of Bengal which have an affinity with their Egyptian counterparts and which have not been explained satisfactorily in terms of Aryan, Mongolian, or Dravidian influences. There are similarities between place names in Bengal and Egypt and recently an Egyptian scholar, El Mansouri, has pointed out that in both Egypt and India the worship of cow, sun, snake, and river are common.

Recently, more definitive evidence suggesting contact between India and Egypt has become available. A terracotta mummy from Lothal vaguely resembles an Egyptian mummy and a similar terracotta mummy is found also at Mohenjodaro. In this context it is of interest to note that the Egyptian mummies are said to have been wrapped in Indian muslin. Characters similar to those on the Indus seals have also been found on tablets excavated from Easter Island. Of all the Egyptian objects and motifs indicating some contact between India and Egypt during the Indus Valley period, “the cord pattern occurring in a copper tablet in the Indus Valley and on three Egyptian seals is the most striking link between the two countries. Gordon Childe has said, “In other words, in the third millennium B.C. India was already in a position to contribute to the building up of the cultural tradition that constitutes our spiritual heritage as she notoriously has done since the time of Alexander.”

Neither historical events nor cross-cultural currents can explain the unique parallels in the myths and imagery of ancient Egypt and India. Walafrid Strabo (c. 809–849) German scholar has said: “The lotus flower, sacred to Buddha and to Osiris, has five petals which symbolizes the four limbs and the head; the five senses; the five digits; and like the pyramid, the four parts of the compass and the zenith. Other esoteric meanings abound: for myths are seldom simple, and never irresponsible.”  In fact, Hinduism’s pervading influence seems to go much earlier than Christianity. American mathematician, A. Seindenberg, has, for example, shown that the Shulbasutras, the ancient Vedic science of mathematics, constitute the source of mathematics in the antique world of Babylon to Greece: “The arithmetic equations of the Shulbasutras were used in the observation of the triangle by the Babylonians as well as in the edification of Egyptian pyramids, in particular the funeral altar in the form of pyramid known in the Vedic world as smasana-cit.”The flower so prolific in the imagery of both India and Egypt, grows out of the waters and opens its petals to be warmed by the sun: to be fertilized. From the earliest imagery in stone at Sanchi, of the first century BC in India, the lotus is associated with Sri, the goddess of fertility, who is later invoked as Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and abundance – being worshipped by Buddhists, Jains, and Hindus alike. The lotus is held in each hand by Surya, signifying the fertilizing powers of the sun as he travels through the universe.

In Egypt, the blue lotus appears in the earliest wall paintings of the VI Dynasty at the pyramids of Saqqara and in all funerary stelae. They are offered to the deceased, and held in the hand as thought they possess the power to revitalize them: to bring the deceased back to life. Carved out of blue lapis, along with the golden falcon and the sun that are the symbols of the god Horus, the lotus appears among the funerary treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamen.

The lotus then, becomes a leitmotiv, a symbol most apt since its links the waters with the sun, the earth to sky – signifying fertility and regeneration in both Egypt and India. For, it is the seed of the plant which spells out the cycle of birth-decay-death and rebirth that forms the essential pattern of belief in these two riverine and agricultural societies. In India and Egypt, the rivers Saraswati and Ganga and the Nile have brought sustenance to the land and nourished these civilizations which have survived five millennia. Both these rivers, the Ganga and the Nile, are personified and worshipped. They provide the dramatic backdrop against which myths and indeed created, to explain the topographic conditions of the land.

From its source in the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal, the Ganga flows some two thousand five hundred kilometers, through the rich deltaic region which is known as Aryavarta, in the most densely populated area of India. Puranic myths recount the divine origins of Ganga, as she fell from heaven to earth in response to penance performed by the sage Bhagiratha: to bring the powers of water to an earth parched for over a thousand years. At the seventh century seaport of Mahabalipuram in south India, this epic theme is entirely carved out of a granite rock spanning almost fifty feet. A natural cleft in the rock allows the rain water to pour down in great torrents – as though this were the descent of a mighty river. Besides this cleft are carved the serpentine forms of the naga devatas (snake divinities), the sun and the moon, the gandharvas and kinnaras (celestial beings), the hunters and animals of the forest – all of them rejoicing in this great event where the divine rive is celebrated as the savior of all mankind. Here is a spectacular instance of the way in which myth is used to relate man to the environment. In this myth one senses an acute awareness of the ecological balance which needs to be maintained: of the vapors of the sea rising to the sky through heat, described in the myth as tapas, and then falling back to earth as the divine river, to flow down through the matted locks of Lord Shiva, on to the Himalayas, to flow back into the ocean.

As in India, so in Egypt, the river is personified in human form. A sandstone relief from the temple of Rameses II at Abydos depicts Hapi, god of the Nile, holding a pair of blue lotus stalks in his hands; suspended from the god’s right arm is the ankh, the symbol of life. Unlike the Ganga, the blue god of the Nile is male, but with one female ****** to symbolize his role as nourisher – releasing the waters each year to provide sustenance to mankind.  The main presiding deity of the Egyptian pantheon is Osiris, like Yama, god of the dead, whose story of life, death and regeneration has been transmitted to us in great detail by Plutarch.  Some extraordinary parallels with the Osirian myth are found among the myths and images of India. Lord Vishnu lied recumbent on the bed of the ocean asleep, as indeed Osiris lied prostate and dead on a bier.  The Hindi word for cow means also “ray of illumination,” and in Egyptian lore a cow is sometimes depicted as the source of light in the sky.

Significant also is the fact that Lieutenant Speake, when planning his discovery of the source of the Nile, secured his best information from a map reconstructed out of Puranas. (Journal, pp. 27, 77, 216; Wilford, in Asiatic Researches, III).  It traced the course of the river, the “Great Krishna,” through Cusha-dvipa, from a great lake in Chandristhan, “Country of the Moon,” which it gave the correct position in relation to the Zanzibar islands. The name was from the native Unya-muezi, having the same meaning; and the map correctly mentioned another native name, Amara, applied to the district bordering Lake Victoria Nyanza.

“All our previous information,” says Speake, “concerning the hydrography of these regions, originated with the ancient Hindus, who told it to the priests of the Nile; and all these busy Egyptian geographers, who disseminated their knowledge with a view to be famous for their long-sightedness, in solving the mystery which enshrouded the source of their holy river, were so many hypothetical humbugs. The Hindu traders had a firm basis to stand upon through their *********** with the Abyssinians.” (source: Periplus of the Erythrean Sea – W.H. Schoff p. 229-230).

Modern scholars claim that Akhenaton was the worlds first known monotheist. However, the fact is, he was actually reviving an ancient monotheistic religious tradition. Unknown to most is the true nature of this religion. This religion was not only vedic, but was actually an indiginous Egyptian form of Vaisnavaism. Research has proven Akhenaton’s vedic roots through his familial connections to the Hurrian/Mitanni peoples. Everyone agrees that the Mitanni were a Sanskrit speaking and writing people and they worshipped the vedic gods. What is forgotten is the fact that Akhenaton’s father, his mother, and wife were all related to the vedic Mitanni. Thus, it is no surprise that Akhenaton’s religion has so many vedic similarities. The research of BhaktiAnanda Goswami has proven the Vaishnava nature of his religion. In ancient Egyptian religion, creation began from the form of NHRYN (Narayan) lying on the primordial waters. A lotus grows from His navel, and on this lotus appears the four armed and four headed Heliosphanes (Brahma) who speaks creation. Ancient Mediterranean Vaishnavism can be properly understood when we compare it to the authentic Vaishnava scriptural sources especially Bhagavad-Gita, and Srimad Bhagavatam, where the viratarupa (Universal Form) conception of the Supreme Lord is revealed. For example, Krishna’s self revelation in the “I Am” verses of the Bhagavad-Gita directly parallels the great hymns of HR-Heri of ancient Egypt. Therefore, ancient Egyptian religion considered HR-Heri the origin of all gods and deities. That is why they used the name HR-Heri or Asu (Vasu) along with deities considered to be aspects of Heri. Thus, the god of wealth was called KPHR/Kepe-Heri because in the Gita Krishna says “·I am Kubera”.At the age of eighteen years, he came into complete power of the Kingdom. It was at this time that he proclaimed his faith in One God-The Sun, which he designated by the name of Aton, ie. The Disk or Fiery Orb. He publicly proclaimed his faith in Aton, as the God of Gods. Some have claimed that as a Sun worshipper, Akhnaton was more of an Animist Nature worshiper rather than a devotee of a Supreme Godhead. However Akhnaton’s own words confirm that this is not the case. Akhnaton spoke of the Sun disk as being the Eye of Aton and a representative of Aton’s Power. In the Bhagavad Gita, the Sun is described as one of the unlimited eyes of God’s Universal Form. In the Brahma-Samhita the Sun is also described as the Eye of God. Akhnaton’s reverance of the Sun is properly understood in this context.

The symbol of Aton, as presented by Akhnaton, was an image of the Sun Disc with many sunrays extending out, ending in hands, in a kind of triangle shape. Some scholars have also pointed out that the shape of the Pyramids represents the Sun’s beams shining down to Earth, in a triangle shape, with the top being the Source and spreading out ever wider as it reaches the Earth. The similarity between Akhnaton’s Aton and Surya is indeed striking. The Sanskrit description of the Divine source of light corresponds perfectly with the picture of Aton given in the Egyptian King’s hymns.

The Puranas have a remarkable connection with one of the most important discoveries of the 19th century. In 1858, John Hanning Speke (1827-1864) – Speke was commissioned in the British Indian Army in 1844 – made the discovery that Lake Victoria was the source of the River Nile in Africa. Speke wrote that to some Indian Pundits (Hindu scholars) the Nile was known as Nila, and also as Kaali. Nila means blue and Kaali means dark – both apt descriptions for the Nile near its source. These are mentioned in several Puranas including the Bhavishaya. This went against the conventional wisdom, for Lake Victoria was unknown at the time. Sir Richard Burton, the leader of the Nile expedition, had identified Lake Tangyanika as the source. Speke, however, following upon the advice of a Benares (Varansi) Pundit, insisted that the real source was a much large lake that lay to the north. Following this advice Speke went on to discover Victoria. The Pundit had also told him that the real source were twin peaks as Somagiri, ‘Soma’ in Sanskrit stands for moon and ‘giri’ means peak, and Somagiri therefore are none other than the fabled Mountains of the Moon in Central Africa! The Pundit must have known all this. He published his book Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile in 1863.

The similarities of Egyptian civilization’s, science and religion with the Vedic knowledge are even more amazing than the ones mentioned about the Jews. Specifically,in the philosophical and religious field. The details of the temple worship practiced in Egypt are strikingly similar to Vedic temple worship, including the three sandhya meditations on the sun (Ammon-Ra, the main Deity in Egypt), the form of God as both male and female (Osiris/Isis, assimilated with the Sun and the Moon), the bathing, dressing and decoration of the Deity (with red cloth, still considered in India as the traditional color of cloth to be offered to Deities), arati with the offerings of food and incense, etc. The Egyptian Book of the Dead is an almost exact replica of the Tibetan Book of the Dead, which is coming to us through the Yaksa Saivite Tantric tradition of Himalayas, which strongly influenced the Vajrayana Buddhism or Lamaism. Egyptian priests had a complicated knowledge about the various subtle bodies and astral traveling (as Tantric Buddhists do), and some bits of knowledge about yoga, too. Egyptian priests were strictly vegetarian (not even eating eggs), followed brahmacarya vows and abstained from intoxicants, and went through several initiations in order to practice their service. Meat was only consumed by them in later periods, and exclusively coming from fire sacrifices. (It is therefore very misguiding to say that Brahmins “became vegetarian” in a later period, after detaching themselves from their “origins” as Jews).

They were also in charge of medicine and astrology, and had an immense knowledge about both. Even the temple decorations used the lotus flower as a symbol of purity and beauty. The list could go on and on. Many ancient Greek scholars (including Plato, Pythagoras, etc.) traveled both to Egypt and to India to get their knowledge. While reading Plato’s and Pythagoras’ teachings, we find exactly the same Vedic knowledge explained in Greek language. Now we know from the Puranas that at the times of Parasurama avatara, the ksatriya kings of Bharata varsa were scattered all over the planet while fleeing the avatara’s killing wrath. We know that a group of such ksatriyas, followed by their family priests and retinue, reached ancient Egypt and established a kingdom there. Other groups settled in South America, Mesopotamia, Northern Europe, and in the lost continent of Atlantis mentioned by Plato and others. Striking similarities can be observed, for example the pyramids that can be found almost exactly identical in South America, Mesopotamia and Egypt. And which also resemble the large and high domes of the most ancient Vedic temples.

There are evidences galore that Vedic civilization was the precursor of all major civilization in the world. Similarities between the Egyptian civilization and the Vedic civilization and the evidence of the later being the progenitor of the earlier is but one example.

There are plenty of similarities between Vedic and Celtic civilization, between Vedic and Anatolian civilization, between Vedic and Mayan civilization etc. The question is the similarities between one and many.

Bibliography:

http://www.hinduwisdom.info/India_and_Egypt.htm

http://www.stephen-knapp.com/christianity’s_similarities_with_hinduism.htm

http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/connections/Judaism.php

Proof of Vedic Culture’s Global existence by Stephen Knapp

History of India by John Keay

Underworld by Graham Hancock

World Vedic Heritage By Prof: P.N.Oak

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Life is busy now, and in this busy schedule, everybody needs some entertainment. Movies have always played an important role in entertaining people. A film or a movie can make us feel fantasy, fiction, comedy and many other things related to real life.

Going to a theatre to watch a movie is a big challenge and standing in a queue to find or book tickets is even a bigger chase. But now we have many alternatives to going to the movie hall like movie rentals and online movie store where we can buy/rent a movie VCD, DVD or CD right from the comfort of our home or office.

There are many benefits to avail movie services online –

• First of all, there would be no standings in long queues, hassles and enquiries. Just Sign up and get the movie in DVDs and/or VCDs format.

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• You can check the reviews about the movies and can go for a best movie to watch which is really a great feature.

• Cost-effectiveness – With small amount online subscriptions, we can have a fair deal to watch a good number of movies which is surely cheaper than the market price. You can purchase new DVDs as well as used DVDs with the movie selection of your choice.

• At many times, online movie stores will offer you periodic movie offers and special announcements which can be very beneficial.

• What’s your friend’s favorite movie? Now you gift him on his/her birthday or on special occasions. There is nothing better than a big smile on your dearest friend’s face. Some of famous online movie stores and online DVD shops are also giving this service.

You can create your own movie DVDs and VCDs collection now. Let your imagination go and build the movie collection of your dreams with the MovieMart.in, India’s first online dvd rental service and biggest online movies store. Movies are available in Vcd and DVD format so that, you get the best quality for great home entertainment.

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How did it come to be the English language?

The English language was introduced into Britain by the Anglo- Saxons when they invaded the island in the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries from Europe. It was different from modern English as we know it, as all languages change through the centuries, but the words these people brought over become the basis of English. New words have been added even since then, as new ideas, institutions and inventions were adopted and the words for them needed.

When St. Augustine brought Christianity to England in the 6th century, he brought too, a set of Latin, and Greek words connected with region – words such as altar, nun and creed. The Norsemen from Scandinavia who invaded England in the 9th and 10th centuries spoke a branch of the Germanic language related to the language of the original Anglo-Saxon settlers; it is probable that the two people could understand each other, and the Norsemen introduced many new worlds into language. Some of these took the place of older English words of the same meaning: sky, leg, knife, egg and follow are example of words introduced at this time. When the Normans came from France in the year 1066, they introduced a host of French words dealing with law and government, the church , hunting and chivalry – words such as attorney, assize, saint and feudal. When Caxton first began to print in the English language, he choose books such as Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales written in the dialect of the southeast of England and this had enormous influence on the language spoken in other parts of the country.

When the revival of learning influenced England in the 16th century, more Latin words poured in_ words such as operate and horticulture. And as Englishmen began to sail round the world to found colonies in distant lands and came into touch with distant people, so they brought back words from everywhere.

When new sciences came into being during the last century, many new words needed to be invented to describe the new ideas, such as telegram and psychology. Today the English of the old world is much influenced by the English of the new world and the U.S.A has sent across the Atlantic in its films and plays many new words to describe the things and situations that began over.

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Oh! What a wonderful time did I spend in one of the famous villages resorts of Rajasthan. It was my birthday when my parents gifted me vacationing in this ethnic resort of Rajasthan. I felt as if I have got an opportunity of a lifetime sojourning amidst rustic ambiance with all modern amenities. No wonder if everybody who has been there or is planning to visit there has felt the same way. At least for me it was very exciting to go this mesmerizing village resort. The next day I boarded my flight and there I flew for Jaipur. My journey was not too long but very thrilling.

My tour agent’s representative was there to greet me at the Jaipur Airport and after traditional welcome he drove me to this exciting resort. My journey from airport to the resort was full of imaginations anticipating about what was to follow. Ah! The very sight of the resort filled me with relaxation. I was welcomed in a traditional style even there. I was given a welcome drink and a bouquet of flowers. My parents had done advance reservations so I checked in my suite and relaxed there for the day.

With the chirping of the birds I woke up in the morning and decided to tour around the place. I must say the tranquility of the place, which I otherwise couldn’t feel as I am from a metro city, took me over. I got back to my suite and took some refreshment. Chowkhi Dhani is a real “beautiful hamlet” that has retained the rural charm of Rajasthan with a pinch of modernity. I was amazed to see the 59 cottages, 33 royal cottages, 8 Haveli Suits, 4 Conferences Halls, an ethnic restaurant Bindola, a multicuisine restaurant Aarogosa, an outdoor barbeque Kesar Kyari , Chaupal, Chandi Mahal Bar, Rhun Jhun – Discotheque *** bar, Kesariya – The Sansha Spa. And guess what my favorites amnong these were the discotheque and spa center.

I actually experienced the magic of spa at the Spa Center in the resort. It was so sedating and worth experiencing. I came back to my suite after the therapy and when did I fall asleep, I myself don’t know.

I woke up after sometime and my taste buds then wanted a treat. No time did I waste in rushing to the restaurant and quenched my appetite. Wow! I felt that all those delectable cuisines were for me. It was so good to relish all those savories.

My evening was an affair of fun and excitement as I visited the Chowkhi Dhani Village. It was a perfect place to wind out. The live performances by the folk artists made me so thrilled that even I did not hesitate to let my foot loose to the rocking folk numbers played by the artists. I moved for some adventurous rides from this spot and enjoyed a lot out there trying each ride. My favorite was the elephant ride where I felt like a princess of bygone eras who came to intimate with the subjects. But that doesn’t mean that I didn’t like the horse, bullock cart and tonga ride there. Each one had its own charm.

The Tal Tailiya village lake here attracted me at once and no second thoughts were required from my end to enjoy a boat cruise here. Ecstasy or ambiance whatsoever may be the reason, but I remember, I was humming some melodies at that time like the actress of old Hindi movies playing with the water.

Coming back from the lake I saw some ladies were hoarding up a place. I was too curious to know what was going on there. I peeped through the crowd and I saw that the attraction was obvious. They were adorning their palms with heena. I also waited there for my turn and was excited to have a little tattoo on my palm. I headed towards other hangouts there Mandir Devra Temple, Museum, Photo Studio. Like other girls even I am fond of shopping. So I shopped a lot from the haat bazaar here. These souvenirs were exclusively for my family and friends. I was tired (somewhat) by this time. I went for the dinner where I was served with unque Rajasthani preparations like gatte ki sabzi, mawa kachori, daal baati churma etc. A gourmet like me was satisfied to the fullest. I came back to my suite after a short walk with the friends I made there. It was so good and halcyon that I did not feel like going back to that mundane life again. But I had to. Next morning was my flight to my home and I was happy to go back to my parents but sad to leave that awesome place. The day finally came when I had to leave for my home and I flew back but with memories of a lifetime.

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I was challenged to learn a new language for the first time in school. As our education system requires, every student should learn two foreign languages. Depending on the school, the students were learning English and French (as mine did) some of them English and German, and some of them English and Italian. I loved English (can’t say the same about French)!!! I tried hard to learn it. Believe me, this was a challenge in a class with 30 students and only one teacher! I learned mostly from books, reading and writing… and surprise, when the moment came to talk in English, I couldn’t find my words!!! Did you have the same problem? I know many friends who had the same experience. Some of them learned English with a dictionary and phrase books, and some of them joined English classes. Few of them became fluent in the new language fast, but most of us… we were trying and trying really hard.

After many years, moving to India, I was forced to learn Hindi. A difficult language!!! Different sounds, different script, and once again learning from books did not work. I’ve tried for some time, and reached a beginner level. I was able to survive, but I wasn’t content because of the inability to share my deep feelings and experiences with my Indian friends. Miscommunication due to the lack of language knowledge made life really difficult sometimes. In that moment I learnt about OnSite Language Services, an immersion language learning program which helps English/Spanish speaking people to learn Hindi/Urdu and other Indian languages. Its motto is “Immerse to Converse”, because they believe that immersion is the best way to learn a new language.

The principles of OSLS are natural, and yet I haven’t thought about them! Let’s learn as children do! What does it mean? Children learn through their everyday experience not through lessons; they acquire language which they need to use; they speak before they write and read. Through OSLS you become a child again; you learn to listen to the new language and to speak before you read or write. This does not mean that writing or reading is neglected, but the program concentrates on speaking. Being a community based language learning program, the students learn the new language mostly out in the community with natives or in private sessions with a language helper. This makes the relationships easy to build and learning culture a natural process. Of course, learning requires sweat, frustration and… humility: to recognize that you don’t know everything, to accept that people will laugh at you and to persist in having embarrassing language contacts.

So, what did I learn from my language learning experience? I learned… how to learn! I learned that immersion language learning is the most efficient method to learn a new language… as long as you work hard!!!

 

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In the late sixties, Kashmir suddenly became the most sought after destination for tourists from both India as from abroad. Its enchanting views and breathtaking vistas came into lime light when a lot of Hindi movies were shot in its lovely locales. Not only that these movies were instant hits but they also lifted the careers of many otherwise flop artists of the Bollywood. Many a careers were made and several lives saw change. Soon the Government of Jammu and Kashmir realized the significance of their extraordinarily beautiful land and its potential in stirring the tourism industry and generating huge foreign currency. And very soon practically everyone belonging the state immersed them selves to cater and promote this industry in a big way. From the house boat owners to the locally driven auto-ricks, taxis, buses, hoteliers and many more were into this activity of tourism promotion and reaped benefits from a land where the revered Rishis Kashyap and Vishwamitra lived and meditated. They say Gods loved to spend time here.

No sooner the tourist vehicles cross the Jawahar tunnel connecting Jammu with the gorgeous Kashmir valley that people inside the vehicles come to realize that they have entered into a unique world unknown to them before. The tips of the sloping mountains ranges eternally capped by snow; breaking the rays of the sun in the colors of rainbow, the waters of the streams cascading down from every mountain; the trees laden with flowers and fresh fruits as apples, apricots, almonds, prunes all appear to be in the process of offering hospitality to the guests in their own way.

A visit to Kashmir would be incomplete without going to Pahalgam, the village of shepherds located at the heights of 7200 ft (2132 meters) from the sea level. It is self suggestive that this belt is filled with ample greens and plentiful water. Pahalgam lies in the Anantnag district and is about four hour journey from Srinagar, the capital city of the state of J&K. The holy journey to the Amarnath cave, home to Lord Shiva and the revered shrine of Hindus begins from Pahalgam some where around the beginning of July. Huge arrangements to cater to the service of the devotees are undertaken from the money generated from donations and contributions from businessmen who are equally supportive of the cause. Tents are erected through out the course of journey serving variety of edibles, beverages, and milk round the clock besides resting places for the tired devotees. The sight of enthusiastic devotees coming from all walks of life, some even physically handicapped climbing the holy shrine with zealous chants in the name of Lord Shiva in equivocal chorus, in praise of the divine Creator and the Destroyer enlivens the place even more.

Their pain and exhaustion of the long expedition to the Amarnath shrine covering Sonemarg, the road of golden sunshine, and the emerald green waters of Sheshnag, Hajjan, the beautiful Chandanwari and Panchtarani, the confluence of five streams is forgone one they face their Lord. Chandanwari is renowned for its snow bridge. The route to the celebrated Amarnath cave is worth undertaking and simply stunning. One cannot forget the picturesque and stunning beauty of the land. A must place for visit for devotees is the 5th century ancient famed Shiva temple in Mamal, one of the eight villages that round up to form exquisite hill station called Pahalgam.

The road to Pahalgam and places around Pahalgam is interspersed with beautiful views and awesome vistas. It is a haven for trekkers. For they can trek the nearby highs of Lidderwat, bask in the undulating meadows of Baisaaran, Aru, rushing waters of Kolohoi Glacier and many other places of overwhelming beauty. Rippled spreads of green pastures thrown open cover miles and miles beyond the eyes’ reach, dispersed with endemic variety of gorgeous wild flowers, deep jungles of deodar, cedar, junipers and pines. Rolling and crystal clear white waters of the torrential Lidder River is eternally rejuvenated with the melting ice rushing down the streams emanating from the huge captivating mountains enveloping the narrow valley below. River Lidder definitely adds to the beauty of this cherished land. Pahalgam lies at the region of merger of the river Lidder and Sheshnag.

Interestingly it is not only the outsiders who come to enjoy the picturesque beauty of Pahalgam but the local Kashmiri population also loves to enjoy their weekends with their families and loved ones in the lovely meadows of this pristine and delightful land. After all we like to soak ourselves in the ambience of fresh cool air, therapeutic waters, and enchanting vistas and relive our tired body and souls. Time to time return to the lap of Mother Nature for a few days is the best way to invigorate from the fatigue generated in the body by everyday life. There are many hotels in Pahalgam to suit every budget and pocket.

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Are these online matrimonial websites useful? What the answer come in your mind? Useful or not! In my eye these are useful because we don’t have to go here and there. Just sign up on these matrimony websites and find your life partner. There are lots of reasons why we use these websites.

Firstly, without going any where we can access a heavy database of brides and grooms.

Secondly, we don’t need to go to marriage agent. Marriage agents in small city and some metropolitan cities play a very important role in marriage. They take commission from both sides and take both the parties close. Not these two only there are lots of reasons we can avoid by using these websites like:

1.#No need to go to marriage bureaus.

2.#We can save money which we spend for advertising in local newspaper.

3.#Save money which we spend in local society like gita bhavan in many cities. Etc.

This is not the end we can take more much benefits of online matrimony websites to find indian brides or grooms or any where in world. It has tremendously expanded the reach of every marriageable individual by exposing him/her to the millions of eligible Indians who visit these sites. Increasingly, many individuals and families spend their valuable time online searching for the perfect partner for themselves or their loved ones.

It is interesting to see that these sites are visited by conservative parents, relatives; who believe in the sanctity of arranged marriages and also by those for whom falling in love is the way to go. There are many wedding and wedding related sites on the net which understand the focus of the new age matrimonial net surfers and offer them several attractive services.

These kinds of sites have made it possible to find a partner, match the horoscopes, book a marriage hall and then do all the wedding shopping online. Then why we are taking so much tension for our children’s marriage. Just go to bed and take a nap.

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Hi again,

Namaste

How are you all!!! Namaste is hello in English. I have got my first class scheduled after some fixing of issues I was facing, but finally its fixed. I am waiting to do my first class. So, let’s continue the talk.

I would like to tell my readers that in India, you can enjoy one thing a lot when you visit here, Bargaining. Yes, it sounds funny but it’s very true. There are so many places in every state where you find the same thing for different prices. I love to hunt for the places where I can get good stuff at good rate and guess what; I normally find it one or the other way.

I am sharing this as whenever anyone visit India they do a lot of shopping but most of you don’t know that the prices paid by you, it can be 100% higher than the actual price. The reason is simple, you are a foreigner. So if you want to enjoy shopping then learn some Hindi conversation. It will help you to make the shopkeeper aware that you know Hindi and you can easily surf on the shop and ask any information. The shopkeepers also get this in mind that this person knows India well or a regular visitor. Then you can be lucky to get good price.

I will share an experience with you now. One of my clients was from U.k. He was about to visit India so he was checking Hotel bookings and prices. I was shocked to know what he said. He said last time I visited India I stayed in five star hotels and paid around $5000 for just Hotel bills. He told me that this time he was looking for a decent hotel for around $3500. When we told me that he just call from UK or surf Internet to get the information for such booking, I realized the money making part from here. This actually happen due to less knowledge. It can happen with me even when I will be visiting an unknown country or know little about it. I helped my client to get the hotel for just 35000 INR which is around 900 USD which was basically a service apartment and it had all the facilities.

He is a millionaire so I know he will be happy if only the place I good so I can say it was good apartment. So, next time do learn Hindi to save good money and to enjoy your stay in India.

I will continue writing the series till my readers like.

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Tarak Mehta has been writing his very popular Gujarati column Duniya ne Undha Chashma which is published in weekly Gujarati magazine Chitralekha. He is the writer of one of the most popular comic book named Tarak Mehta Ka Ulta Chasma.

Characters like Tapu, Jethalal, Rasik Surati, Popatlal, Champaklal, Jivan Darji, Daya, Ranjandevi, Vanko Vibhakar, and Boss Babulal have a realistic presence in Tarak’s imaginations. Four generations have read him and still reading. Now Tarak Mehta ka Ulta Chasma book has been serialized and used to show on SAB TV. This serial is liked by everyone even from children to aged person. This serial is so innocently prepared that all generations can watch this serial freely, happily and without any hesitation.

All the characters in this serial are very properly and accurately characterized that they keep their good impression on audiences mind. Tarak Mehta’s Duniya ne Undha Chashma Book collects many humorous stories in it. These stories are such developed by him that those are liked by all. These stories also sometimes have some morals behind them. Tarak Mehta ka ulta Chashma team has been constantly experiencing the popularity of the show and now no Line of Control can stop them from reaching out to the audience anywhere. The message conveyed in the show is comprehended by all and the humour has spread the laughter all over. Tarak Mehta…’ family has many incidents to share with us about the love and affection they have been receiving from their audiences. It is indeed a family show. This show has been written by somebody and stories in this show are directly translated in to Hindi.

This story evolves around happenings in “Gokuldham Co-operative Society” and covers topical issues which are socially relevant. The first few topics of this book are predominantly revolves around ‘Jethalal’ who is an uneducated Gujarati businessman. ‘Tarak Mehta’ is his neighbour. ‘Jethalal’ finds a friend and philosopher in ‘Tarak Mehta’ and often goes to him for advice whenever he is in trouble. Jethalal’s family includes his simple wife ‘Daya Ben’ and a mischievous son ‘Tapu’. Tapu is a mischievous and a constant source of trouble to all the members of Gokuldham. They have often warned ‘Jethalal’ to reform ‘Tapu’ or else asked him to be prepared to leave the Gokuldham premises. A lost hope of being heard by his son pushes Jethalal to call his father ‘Champaklal’ from the village. This was his great idea of forming some control over the mischievous Tapu. The opposite happens and the grandfather joins hands with the grandson to make life a troublesome ride which further created a problem for Jethalal.

Now various online shops used to provide this book for entertainment. So, order this book quickly from any of the online shops and have fun.

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How would any one feel if a native English speaker repeatedly uses Hindi words in his conversation? Amazing isn’t it?! James Trevor Oliver, the famous English chef is habituated in using Hindi words like ‘pukka’ very often in his conversations and writings. Popular as The ***** Chef, James Oliver is one of the favourite among food lovers. Apart from being a chef he is also a good writer and a social worker who is frequently seen busy in campaigning for healthy food habits.

Jamie Oliver, the son of the owner of a pub-restaurant was born in May, 1975. He spent his childhood in Clavering, Essex. Probably, it is the influence of his parents which inspired him to be a chef. Right from the childhood he helped his parents in the kitchen and was very efficient in making varied dishes. He was also quite interested in musical activities. He played drum in the band which he formed along with his friend Leigh Haggerwood.

However, above everything he was more interested in cooking. So he studied in the Westminster Catering College and also learned French. After that he began his first job as a chef in the Neal Street Restaurant, where he learned a lot about cooking fresh and simple food. He initiated the” The ***** Chef” programme in the year 1998 and 1999 which brought him worldwide fame and from then onwards his long march towards success paced up. After the glorious success of this programme Jamie Oliver presented some more television serials and a huge collection of books in his name. Among more television programmes and book deals followed. As of 2006, Oliver had six additional television series and eight books to his name. Now in 2007, he has a new TV show called “Jamie at home,” and the book by the same name gained much popularity.

Jamie Oliver was married to Juliette Norton. He is an ardent social worker who has established the Fifteen charity restaurant, where he engage himself in training people to work in the hospitality industry. His series “Jamie’s School Dinners”, is another of his attempt to bring about changes in the junk food culture and familiarising the schools in Britain to provide healthy food in a cheaper rate. Jamie wrote many fabulous cook books of which Something for the Weekend, The ***** Chef, Jamie’s Italy, Cook with Jamie are worth mentioning.

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Exclusive News Portal covering Rajasthan and MadhyaPradesh Local News – a brief

These online news sites aggregate local news from thousands and hundreds of regional as well national news sources and present platform for enlightening discussion on local issues.

A latest analysis of the market has revealed that readers choose to read local news covered by local journalists in contrast to the news content created for their market by a distant source. Today there are a number of news sites, which have for this purpose engaged a team of local journalists.

The news sites endeavor to deliver information as per the expectation of the readers and attempt to reach out to millions of others by providing informative news content. The primary focus of all these sites is on the Rajasthan and M.P local news. Be it about Rajasthan and MadhyaPradesh Lok Sabha elections, Gujjar agitation, performance of the Rajasthan Royals, ONGC’s bid to gas exploration in Jaisalmer basin, Welfare schemes in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, Omaxe deal, death of peacocks in the in Ajmer, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh and the Shekhawati belt or the Education scenerio in cities like Bhopal and Indore and Social Events of great Scale such as “Amritam jalam”- for water conservation, organised by Patrika group in Rajasthan and MadhyaPradesh. The detail demands attention by virtue of its wholesomeness and purity of news.

The feature stories are continuously updated. These sites also make available searchable archives of news stories and provide political insights.

They are led by teams of qualified and proficient journalists. The teams comprise of editors, designers, news writers, photographers, producers, technologists and others as well as scholastic associates and members from the civil societies of Rajasthan.

Besides Rajasthan local news, theses sites also bring the most up-to-date breaking news articles and information about weather, business, entertainment, politics, and more. The editorials of these news sites provide articulate discussions on the current local issues. Many of these portals carry along complementary sections containing entertainment and sports news and analysis, besides book and film reviews.

 

Patrika.com is the best one stop web destination to get Latest and rich Hindi News and India News Content . You can also directly check out Rajasthan and MadhyaPradesh Local News by clicking www.patrika.com.

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All ye’ Bollywood fans and Bollywood lovers are interested in knowing which indeed was the most successful Bollywood movie of 2008. Is it Ghajini or Golmaal Returns? Or is there other clear winner? What do trade guides show? Which Bollywood movie truly rocked 2008? Is the most successful Bollywood movie of 2008, also your favorite movie?

Presenting here are the hits, superhits and blockbusters Bollywood movies of 2008, including a brief review. The movies are arranged according to their time of release.

1. Jodhaa Akbar : Released on February 15′ 2008, Jodhaa Akbar, directed by Bollywood most prolific director Ashutosh Gowariker, was a semi hit. It went on to do a business of Rs. 62 crores . Hrithik Roshan was the USP of the film, he played Akbar so well that the historic figure is now synonymous with the actor.

2. Race: Released on March 21′ 2008, Race was the first big hit of 2008. An edge of the seat thriller, the movie directed by Abbas-Mustan was full of twists and turns. As of May 30, it grossed Rs.63,67,00,000 ($14,886,600) in India, and $9,505,321 in other parts bringing a worldwide total of $24,391,921. Race is actually the fifth biggest hit of 2008.

3. Jannat: Jannat, directed by Kunal Deshmukh, was a Mukesh Bhatt film, released on May 16. Based on cricket betting, the movie extracted the career best performance of Emran Hashmi. Debutante Sonal Chauhan made a pretty picture in the movie. Jannat grossed 32,47,00,000 in 5 weeks, quite higher than its cost of production.

4. Aamir: One of the dark horse hits of 2008, Aamir directed by Raj Kumar Gupta released on June 6. The movie starring Rajeev Khandelwal was a story about how an innocent man gets trapped in the hands of religious extremists who want to bomb the city. An interesting premise, the movie did good business.

5. Sarkar Raj: Sarkar Raj, directed by Ram Gopal Verma released on June 6 2008. The movie was a semi-hit; people compared Sarkar Raj to its prequel Sarkar, and found that the sequel was not as effective as the first one. Nevertheless, it grossed 34 crores in India in its first two weeks and over $1 million in the USA.

6. Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na: Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na, released on July 4 2008; directed by Abbas Tyrewala and produced by Aamir Khan, was the iconic movie of 2008. The movie was a blazing hit and it is still the favorites of the youth segment, which forms a major part of the movie going audience. The youthful movie had a cliched but entertaining story with fantastic music by A.R.Rahman. in 5 weeks, it earned approximately 52.96 crores.

7. Singh is Kinng: Singh is Kinng was a movie, all Akshay Kumar fans were waiting for. Released on August 8, 2008; the movie recorded the biggest advance booking in the history of Bollywood, second only to Ghajini. With a fantastic figure of Rs.44 crores in the first week, Singh is Kinng was the fourth biggest hit of Bollywood 2008. By September, it had already earned Rs.73 crores.

8. Bachna Ae Haseeno: Released on August 15, 2008, Bachna Ae Haseeno proved to be a solace for Yash Raj films which had only given flops before this, in 2008 like Tashan and Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic. Made on a budget of Rs.18 crores, this Ranbir Kapoor earned Rs.31.20 crores in its second week, and was declared a semi hit.

9. Phoonk: Phoonk directed by Ram Gopal Verma was probably the least expensive movie, which did good business. The movie based on black magic was a success because of the subject.

10. Mumbai Meri Jaan: Mumbai Meri Jaan, released on August 22′ 2008 was a movie based on 7/11 bomb blasts. A slightly documentary style film, it focussed on the repercussions of the bomb blasts. The movie was an an above average hit. The USP of the film was a power packed performance by Paresh Rawal and Irrfan Khan.

11. Rock On!!: Rock On(released August 29′ 2008), directed by Abhishek Kapoor and produced by Farhan Akhtar, was another youth favorite, like Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na. Based on friendship and rock music, Rock On was treated like a sequel to the cult movie Dil Chahta Hai. It made singer-actor-producer-director(phew!) Farhan Akhtar, a household name.

12. A Wednesday: A Wednesday, released on September 5 2008, is the dark horse success of 2008. A powerful script, impeccable dialogues and a unique treatment by director Neeraj Pandey, made this probably the most watchable movie of 2008. Naseerudin Shah proved that he is inimitable when it comes to stellar performance.

13. 1920: A spooky movie directed by Vikram Bhatt(released Sep 12′ 08) was high on horror around a haunted palatial house. Newbies Rajneesh Duggal and Adah Sharma gave a spirited(no pun intended!) performance. The fantastic English locales and visual effects proved to be the USP of the film.

14. Welcome to Sajjanpur: Welcome to Sajjanpur, released on September 19 2008 was director Shyam Benegal’s entry to commercial cinema. The movie shot in rural set-up brought back memories of Malgudy Days and fared well at the box office.

15. Fashion: Fashion directed by Madhur Bhandarkar, gave a push to Priyanka Chopra who went down-slide with four back to back flops in 2008. It appealed to the youth and the upper crust and did good business.

16. Golmaal Returns: Released on the same date as Fashion(October 29′ 2008), Golmaal Returns was a run-away super hit. Though marred by critics, it was declared a huge success by the masses. It surpassed the first day totals of Om Shanti Om, last year, by collecting 22.03 lakhs on day one. This Rohit Shetty venture earned Rs.48 crores in the first week, making it the third biggest hit of 2008.

17. Dostana: Dostana directed by Tarun Mansukhani for Karan Johar released on November 14′ 2008. The story of two men Abhishek Bachchan and John Abraham, who pretend to be gays, and fall in love with eye-candy Priyanka Chopra made the box office smile. By December 12, it had already earned Rs.80 crores.

18. Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi: One of the much awaited movies, the Shahrukh Khan starrer Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi, released on December 12′08. Made on a modest budget of Rs.22 crores by Yash Raj standards, Aditya Chopra directed this movie to success. The movie also featured debutante Anushka Sharma. Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi earned 7.5 crore net all over India and by day 1, and earned Rs.44.5 crores by week 1. Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi is the second biggest hit of 2008.

19. Ghajini: The most awaited movie Ghajini, proved to be a record breaking success. The most successful movie of the year and perhaps one of the all time big hits, this Aamir Khan movie directed by A.Murgadoss proved recession cannot beat quality. Released on December 25, 2008, this remake of the Southern movie of the same name is running quite strong, thanks to the Aamir Khan brand power. On Day 1, Ghajini earned Rs.33 crores,(compared to Rs.18 crore of Rab Ne) worldwide, something which is unheard off. Ghajini is all set to pass Rs.100 crores in three weeks, overtaking the lines of previous two years biggies Om Shanti Om(Rs.80 crores) and Dhoom 2(Rs.85 crores).

Conclusion 2008: Ghajini has proved to be a big money spinner for Bollywood. The year 2008 has pooled in 15 percent or Rs.900 crore more than last year. Call it the Pareto Principal, if you will but Rab Ne and Ghajini have added another 20 percent more to the box office collection of movies preceding them. Masala films and movies based on ‘terror issues’ dominated 2008.

So, here is the countdown of the top 5 films of Bollywood 2008:

5. Race

4. Singh is Kinng

3.Golmaal Returns

2. Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi

1. Ghajini

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When St. Augustine brought Christianity to England in the 6th century, he brought too, a set of Latin, and Greek words connected with region – words such as altar, nun and creed. The Norsemen from Scandinavia who invaded England in the 9th and 10th centuries spoke a branch of the Germanic language related to the language of the original Anglo-Saxon settlers; it is probable that the two people could understand each other, and the Norsemen introduced many new worlds into language. Some of these took the place of older English words of the same meaning: sky, leg, knife, egg and follow are example of words introduced at this time. When the Normans came from France in the year 1066, they introduced a host of French words dealing with law and government, the church , hunting and chivalry – words such as attorney, assize, saint and feudal. When Caxton first began to print in the English language, he choose books such as Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales written in the dialect of the southeast of England and this had enormous influence on the language spoken in other parts of the country.

When the revival of learning influenced England in the 16th century, more Latin words poured in_ words such as operate and horticulture. And as Englishmen began to sail round the world to found colonies in distant lands and came into touch with distant people, so they brought back words from everywhere.

When new sciences came into being during the last century, many new words needed to be invented to describe the new ideas, such as telegram and psychology. Today the English of the old world is much influenced by the English of the new world and the U.S.A has sent across the Atlantic in its films and plays many new words to describe the things and situations that began over.

How it is developed: The English language is today the most widely spoken of any language in the world. It is not only the native language of Britain and many other countries but it is also being learn by people of nations everywhere as the foreign language most useful to know.

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That moral values of the Qur’an will come to rule the world is a great blessing revealed in the Qur’an, reported in the hadiths of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and discussed in the works of Islamic scholars. Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has revealed that Allah will bring Qur’anic moral values to prevail on Earth by means of the Mahdi. It is reported in one of the hadiths of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) that, by the will of Allah, the Mahdi will appear in the End Times and cause Islamic moral values to prevail on Earth:

If only one day of this time (world) remained, Allah would raise up a man from my family who would fill this earth with justice as it has been filled with oppression.1

According to the hadiths as well as interpretations by Islamic scholars, one of the most important phases in the dominion of Islamic moral values is the establishment of Islamic Union, in other words the union of the Islamic world. According to the hadiths, the fragmentation in the Islamic world will come to an end with the appearance of the Mahdi, and Muslims will come together in Qur’anic moral values under his leadership.

Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, who discussed the subjects of the End Times and the dominion of Qur’anic moral values in his works, particularly concentrated on the subject of Islamic Union. Bediuzzaman stated that the Mahdi would be a means whereby Islamic Union would be established, and described the formation of an Islamic Union and Islamic moral values coming to prevail on Earth as a great cause for rejoicing in the Islamic world. Bediuzzaman said the following on this subject:

The greatest religious duty of this time is the Islamic Union.2

… By the will of Allah, you will attain a great cause for rejoicing of the Islamic world. There are many signs that the unification of Islamic republics will bring the Holy Qur’an, the source of holy laws, to rule the future and will bring great rejoicing to mankind.3

As we have seen, Bediuzzaman has stated that the establishment of an Islamic Union is a most important duty which must be fulfilled. As stated by Bediuzzaman, there are many signs that Islamic Union will come about and that Qur’anic moral values will rule the Earth. These signs have been reported in detail in hadiths. The holy individual in whom all these signs are manifested, and who will be the means whereby Qur’anic moral values come to rule the world, is the Mahdi.

The Irrefutable Sign of the Mahdi

The duties that will be performed by the Mahdi are the most important signs of this holy individual. As reported in the hadiths of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), being the means whereby Islam comes to rule the world is an irrefutable attribute of the Mahdi.

In his works, Bediuzzaman has described in detail many attributes that will determine the holy identity of the Mahdi. Bediuzzaman describes the duties of the Mahdi, and says that the establishment of Islamic Union will be one of the three greatest responsibilities of the Mahdi. Bediuzzaman describes this great duty of the Mahdi in these terms:

The third duty of that individual [the Mahdi] is to build an Islamic Caliphate on an Islamic unity and to serve Islam by allying himself with Christians. This duty can be fulfilled by a great caliphate and force and the sacrifices of millions. The first duty is three to four times more valuable than the other two. However, since the second and third duties will be in a very bright and broad sphere and in a glittering manner they will appear more important in the eyes of the people and the community.4

As Bediuzzaman has stated, the Mahdi will first build an Islamic Union. Then, with the power and support of the Islamic Union, he will bring Qur’anic moral values and the Sunnah of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) to prevail on Earth. In fulfilling this sacred task, he will – by the will of Allah – possess great strength, power and authority. In another statement, Bediuzzaman expresses this fact thus:

The Great Mahdi will have numerous functions. He will carry out duties in the world of politics, the world of religion, the world of government, and in the many spheres of the world of Islam…5

As we have seen, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi states that the Mahdi will serve in such major spheres as politics, government and religion. According to the information in the hadiths and the expositions of Bediuzzaman, the Mahdi is a holy individual who will serve in these major spheres, found an Islamic Union, inflict an intellectual defeat on materialism and atheism, strengthen spiritual values and be a means whereby Islamic moral values come to rule the world. The principal sign of the Mahdi, as Bediuzzaman has stated, is his establishment of an Islamic Union and bringing the moral values of the Qur’an to prevail on Earth. It is meaningless to speak of other signs beyond this, and to concentrate on and look for these alone. Other signs only acquire significance in the event that this great sign takes place.

As stated above, the dominion of Islamic moral values is an irrefutable sign of the Mahdi. So long as this irrefutable sign of the Mahdi fails to materialise, it is impossible to speak of the position of Mahdi or of the duties of that position having been fulfilled. When, by the will of Allah, this holy individual appears, he will not, as is revealed in the hadiths, claim to hold the rank of Mahdi nor engage in any such propaganda. The great deeds of the Mahdi will be the most important evidence and proof that this holy individual has appeared. In one hadith it is reported that people will pledge allegiance to the Mahdi, although he will not desire this:

They will pledge allegiance to the Mahdi against his wishes. Later, the Mahdi will cause them to perform 2 rakats of salat and will ascend to the pulpit.6

The revelation in the hadith that people will pledge allegiance to the Mahdi, albeit against his wishes is a sign that he will never claim to be the Mahdi. The evident signs manifested in the Mahdi and his own great deeds will show that he is the awaited holy individual. He himself will make no such claims or suggestions.

In addition to the information provided in the hadiths and by Islamic scholars, there are also indications in many verses of the Qur’an to the effect that Qur’anic moral values will come to rule the world.

It Is Revealed in the Qur’an That Islamic Moral Values Will Rule the World

The Qur’an is a sacred Book, the stipulations set out in which will apply until the Day of Judgement, which covers all areas of a believer’s life, and in which all of our Lord’s commands appear in a flawless form. One of the greatest miracles of the Qur’an is that ever since it was first revealed, Muslims of all times have found signs referring to their own age. According to what is stated in the hadiths, Islamic moral values’ coming to prevail on Earth is the most important of the signs that will come to pass after the death of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and up until the Day of Judgement. It is revealed in the Qur’an that Islamic moral values will rule the world:

Allah has promised those of you who believe and do right actions that He will make them successors in the land as He made those before them successors, and will firmly establish for them their religion with which He is pleased and give them, in place of their fear, security. “They worship Me, not associating anything with Me.” Any who disbelieve after that, such people are deviators. (Surat an-Nur, 55)

As is revealed in this verse, Islamic moral values prevailing on Earth is a stipulation of our Lord’s, and a promise to sincere believers who ascribe no partners to Him. By the will of Allah, this stipulation will come to pass by means of the Mahdi in the End Times. In addition, many accounts in the Qur’an which provide information about the prophets and verses refer to this holy individual, the Mahdi, who will be instrumental in this holy phenomenon. There are various hadiths of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) that state there are signs in the Qur’an pointing to this important matter. One of these reads as follows:

The Mahdi will rule Earth, just like Dhu’l-Qarnayn and Sulayman.7

As we have seen in the hadith, it is indicated that the accounts of Dhu’l-Qarnayn and Prophet Sulayman (peace be upon them) revealed in the Qur’an should be considered in the context of the Mahdi and the dominion of Islamic moral values.

In the hadiths below, it is revealed that there are important signs regarding the Mahdi and the End Times in the accounts of Ashab al-Kahf (Companions of the Cave) and Talut:

The Companions of the Cave [Ahl al-Kahf] will be the Mahdi’s helpers.8

The number of the Mahdi’s helpers will be as many as those who crossed the river with Talut.9

Although the Mahdi and his helpmates could be explained in various ways, it is of the greatest importance that our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) interpreted them in connection with the accounts in the Qur’an. This is one of the most powerful pieces of evidence of the presence in the Qur’an of many verses referring to the End Times. According to the information contained in the hadiths and indicated in the Qur’an, the Mahdi will have great power and authority, just like Dhu’l-Qarnayn and Prophet Sulayman (peace be upon them). In the same way that Dhu’l-Qarnayn (pbuh) brought the strife of Yajuj and Majuj to an end, the Mahdi will bring violence and terror, great calamities for mankind, to an end. Just as in the time of Prophet Sulayman (pbuh), in the time of the Mahdi great importance will be attached to art and beauty, and the Earth will be constructed in the most beautiful manner.

In the light of the information provided in the verses of the Qur’an and the hadiths, certain other features of the time in which the Mahdi will appear are considered below.

The Mahdi and the Golden Age

Islamic scholars have described the period when Islamic moral values will rule the world under the leadership of the Mahdi as the “Golden Age.” According to the information in the Qur’an, the Golden Age will be a period like the “Blessed Period” that will last for more than fifty years. In the Golden Age, want and hunger will disappear, there will be an abundance of goods and products, injustice and oppression will come to an end, justice will prevail over the Earth, disagreements, violence and conflict will come to an end, peace and security will be ensured, technological advances will reach the highest level, and humanity will make the best possible use of these technological advances. When people are in full obedience to the state and its institutions, a requirement of Qur’anic moral values, peace and harmony will be enjoyed.

People will be so happy with their lives in the Golden Age that, as stated in the hadiths, they will ask Allah to extend their lives to allow them to benefit from these beauties for longer. This is revealed thus in the hadith:

The younger ones wish they were grown-ups, while the adults wish they were younger… The good become even more good, and even the wicked ones are treated well.10

The Mahdi Will Bring Islamic Moral Values to Prevail by Means of Peace and Love

It is revealed in the hadiths that the Mahdi will bring Islamic moral values to prevail by means of peace and love. The Mahdi will constantly call on people, with tolerance, patience, compassion and love, to believe in Allah as the one and only, and will call on them to live by the moral values of the Qur’an and the Sunnah. It is revealed in these terms in the hadiths that Islamic moral values will prevail on Earth in peace:

In this time [the time of the Mahdi], neither a man will be awoken from sleep, nor will a person’s nose bleed.11

The Mahdi will follow the way of the Prophet. He will not wake up a sleeping person or shed blood.12

As is revealed in the hadiths, the Mahdi will cause Islamic values to prevail on Earth by peaceful means, and will avoid war and violence. The path to be followed by the Mahdi will turn people towards Islamic moral values with great cultural strides worldwide.

One of the similarities of the Mahdi to Prophet Sulayman and Dhu’l-Qarnayn (peace be upon them) described by our beloved Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is on this subject. As is revealed in verses of the Qur’an, Prophet Sulayman (pbuh) established a great civilisation in his time, and he ensured his dominion by means of diplomacy, art and culture. Despite possessing a very powerful and irresistible army, he did not employ military force. As is revealed in the Qur’an, Dhu’l-Qarnayn (pbuh) was regarded by the peoples around him as someone who prevented corruption and strife on Earth, and as a leader who brought peace and security. This aspect of the ages of Prophet Sulayman and Dhu’l-Qarnayn (peace be upon them) bears great similarities to that when the Mahdi will cause Islamic moral values to prevail on Earth.

The Mahdi Will Put an End to Oppression, Violence and Terror

Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has revealed that as well as causing Islamic moral values to prevail on Earth, the Mahdi will also put an end to the chaos, conflict, violence, war, injustice and oppression that are some of the signs of the End Times. Our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has given the glad tidings of the great change that will be experienced with the coming of the Mahdi:

The world filled with oppression and tyranny will overflow with justice after he [the Mahdi] comes.13

In the Qur’an it is revealed that our Lord calls people to peace:

Allah calls to the Abode of Peace and He guides whom He wills to a straight path. (Surah Yunus, 25)

As a requirement of Qur’anic moral values, the Mahdi will call on people to be peaceloving, and will reconcile them. According to the hadiths, there will be no more enmity and hatred in the time of the Mahdi, and terror and violence will come to an end. Some of the hadiths on this subject read:

[In the time of Mahdi] Enmity and hatred between people will cease. Scorpions and snakes will not be poisonous, and even children will play with snakes without being bitten… Wolves will be among sheep like sheepdogs. The world will fill with religious unity like the cup fills with water. Nobody but Allah will be worshipped. Nothing will be left of warfare and conflict.14

[In the time of Mahdi] Then the Earth will become safe so that lions may graze with camels; tigers with cows, wolves with sheep; and so that children may play with snakes without being harmed.15

As can be seen from the hadiths, in the time of the Mahdi there will be great brotherhood among peoples now in dispute, and conflict of all kinds will be replaced by peace, love and friendship. The moderate, contemporary, rational and civilised model of Islam to be established in the time of this holy individual will illuminate the whole world.

There Will Be Abundance and Plenty in the Time of the Mahdi

It is revealed in hadiths that in the time of the Mahdi there will be a hitherto unseen abundance of goods and products, and that the Mahdi will behave most generously:

The Mahdi will emerge from my community. Almighty Allah will send him to make people wealthy. In his time, my community will be blessed, animals will be abundant and there will be a great supply of foodstuffs of the earth, and the Mahdi will distribute goods in abundance to all people equally.16

… In that time, the communities of the earth and the heavens, all wild animals, birds, and even the fish in the sea will rejoice in his caliphate. In his time even the running rivers will increase their waters. The Mahdi will bring the treasures forth…17

As seen from the hadiths, in the time of the Mahdi there will be great plenty and abundance in all spheres, and people’s suffering and poverty will come to an end.

In the Time of the Mahdi People Will Make the Best Use of All Technological Means

The Mahdi’s best use of technological facilities may lie at the root of the plenty and abundance, and people’s achieving well-being, in his time. In one hadith the abundance in the time of the Mahdi is described thus:

Someone sowing a measure of wheat will find seven hundred in return… A person will scatter a few handfuls of seeds but reap 700 handfuls. Despite an abundance of rain, not a drop will go waste.18

It is probable that in this narration, the transition to modern forms of agriculture, the development of new production techniques, seed improvement studies and improved use of rainwater by building dams and artificial lakes are being indicated (Allah knows best, of course). There is no doubt that all these are techniques and methods obtained through technological advances.

In terms of technological development, our century is witnessing a pace the like of which has never been seen before. A great many technological means, which did not even have names 100 years ago, have now become indispensable parts of people’s lives. There are even great differences between today’s technology and that of just five years ago. There can be no doubt that this indicates that our age is a very special one. As can be seen from descriptions in the hadiths, these developments will accelerate still further with the appearance of the Mahdi, and technological facilities will be made available to all people equally. Thanks to technological advances in such fields as medicine, transport, communications, agriculture and energy, people will be able to live in the most comfortable, convenient and pleasant way.

All this information shows that the time of the Mahdi will be one of the most peaceful, most secure, most splendid and most comfortable in history, just like the time of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace).

Conclusion

As is stated in the verse “We have created all things in predestination” (Surat al-Qamar, 49), our Lord has created everything in the light of a specific destiny. Like those of all animate and inanimate things, the destiny of the Mahdi is already set out in the sight of Allah. The identity of this holy individual, his signs, his appearance, his establishing an Islamic Union and his bringing Islamic moral values to prevail on Earth have all happened and are all over and done with in the sight of Allah.

Allah is unbound by space and time. Human beings, however, live in a dimension that is fettered by space and time, and know nothing without the information placed in their memories. For example, the events that human beings refer to as “the future” are the future because, as a requirement of the environment of testing in this world, Allah has not placed them in our memories, so we cannot know them. Events referring to the future have not yet been experienced by people. Our Almighty Lord, however, is not bound by space and time, and it is He Who created these out of nothing. Therefore, for Allah the past, present and future are all one, and are all over and done with. We can understand that time is a single moment in the sight of Allah, and that there are no past or future for Him, from the style employed in the Qur’an. In those verses in which it is stated that people will have to account for themselves to Allah, it is revealed that these events referring to the future have long since actually taken place:

And the trumpet is blown, and all who are in the heavens and all who are on the earth swoon away, save him whom Allah wills. Then it is blown a second time, and behold them standing waiting! (Surat az-Zumar, 68)

All events that have happened or will happen in this world have come to an end in a single moment in the light of the destiny set out by Almighty Allah. Therefore, all the signs of the End Times which our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has stated will take place in the future had actually already happened at that time. In other words, in the time of our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) the Mahdi had come into the world, lived, performed all his deeds, and died. Indeed, every moment of the life of the Mahdi was already over with in the time of the Prophet Adam (pbuh). The Mahdi had already fulfilled his duties in the times of the Prophets Musa, Yusuf, Nuh and ‘Isa (peace be upon them all). When the time appointed by Allah comes, everyone living in the End Times will follow and witness these holy events.

It must not be forgotten that whoever Allah has so destined will be the Mahdi. The Mahdi is a holy individual revealed by Allah to our Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), who described 1,400 years ago his physical and other features, deeds, services and effect on the world. In the same way that it is impossible to imitate these qualities, or to acquire them through hard work, so it is impossible, by Allah’s leave, to halt the work of the Mahdi. The Mahdi will perform all the services described by our beloved Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and will, by the will of Allah, cause Qur’anic moral values to prevail on Earth. This is the destiny set out by Allah.

Under the pen name of Harun Yahya, Adnan Oktar has written some 250 works. His books contain a total of 46,000 pages and 31,500 illustrations. Of these books, 7,000 pages and 6,000 illustrations deal with the collapse of the Theory of Evolution. You can read, free of charge, all the books Adnan Oktar has written under the pen name Harun Yahya on these websites www.harunyahya.com

1 Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 36.

2 Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, The Damascus Sermon, 90.

3 Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, Emirdag Letters-ll, 76.

4 Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, Sikke-i Tasdik-i Gaybi, 9.

5 Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, Risale-i Nur Collection, The Rays, The Second Station of the Fifth Ray, Nineteenth Matter.

6 Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar fi `Alamat al-Mahdi al-Muntazar, 23, 34, 50, 44.

7 Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar, 32.

8 Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi `Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman, 59.

9 Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi `Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman, 17.

10 Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi `Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman, 17.

11 Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar, 42.

12 Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rasul Barzanji , Al-Isha’ah li-ashrat al-sa’ah, 163.

13 Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar, 20.

14 Sunan Ibn Majah.

15 Ibn Ahmad Hanbal.

16 Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar, 23.

17 Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar, 36.

18 Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Al-Qawl al-Mukhtasar, 36; Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rasul Barzanji , Al-Isha’ah li-ashrat al-sa’ah, 164.

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The Prophet ‘Isa (As) Will Follow The Mahdi And The Mahdi Will Serve As Imam In The Prayer (Salat) To The Prophet’ Isa (As)

Naim Abu Said narrated that the Messenger of Allah (saas) said:

Isa ‘Ibn Maryam, will descend, and recite the daily prayer behind Mahdi. (Al-Burhan fi `Alamat al-Mahdi, p. 78)

In Musannaf of Ibn Abi Shayba, Ibn Shirin narrated. He said:

The Mahdi is one of this community and will serve as imam to the Prophet ‘Isa (as). (Jalaladdin as-Suyuti, Al-Burhan fi Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman, Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, p. 79)

Naim ibn Hammad narrated from Abdullah ibn Amr. He said:

The Mahdi is the one whom ‘Isa ibn Maryam (as) will perform the daily prayer behind. (Jalaladdin as-Suyuti, Al-Burhan fi Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman, Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, p. 79)

It is narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah (saas) observed: “What will be your state when the son of Maryam descends amongst you and there is an Imam amongst you?” (Sahih Muslim, Book 001, Number 0290)

Jabir ibn ‘Abdullah reported: “I heard the Messenger of Allah (saas) say: ‘One section of my people will not cease fighting for the Truth and will prevail till the Day of Resurrection. ‘Isa son of Maryam will then descend, and their (the Muslims’) commander will invite him to come and lead them in prayer, but he will say: No, some amongst you are commanders over others (amongst you). This is an honor from Allah for this Ummah.’” (Sahih Muslim, Book 001, Number 0293)

While their Imam is going forward to lead the people in the Salat al-Subh (the morning prayer), ‘Isa son of Maryam will descend. The Imam will step back, to let ‘Isa lead the people in prayer, but ‘Isa will place his hand between the man’s shoulders and say, “Go forward and lead the prayer, for the Iqamah was made for you.” So the Imam will lead the people in prayer… (Ibn Majah, Kitab al-Fitan, Tradition No. 4077, 2: 1363)